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  Interests
and Training
My
interest in research and primates began while I was in the U.S. Air Force.
I spent four years working with monkeys in the NASA space program. I was
a trained surgical technician before I went into the Air Force and received
additional training as a veterinary technician in the Air Force. This
work, training, and experience made me realize that I wanted to do research
that would benefit the primates. I began attending night classes while
still in the Air Force and obtained my undergraduate degree at the University
of Texas, Austin, after being released from the Air Force. I started my
undergraduate career with a major in Zoology but switched to Anthropology
because that is the discipline where primate research was being done.
After finishing at Austin, I completed my doctorate in six years at the
University of Chicago. My wife and I lived for 1 1/2 of those six years
in Costa Rica. We spent an average of 12 and 1/2 hours per day following
the monkeys and recording what they did.
Research Interests and Objectives
My
research has focused on studying plant-primate interactions. Currently
I am directing a long-term field project (begun in 1970 and running since
then) investigating the interaction between plant-produced chemicals and
primate feeding behavior as well as the impact this has on primate social
organizations. My research objectives have expanded to include: evaluating
the plant-primate interaction from an ethnobotanical perspective; the
evolutionary development of optimal group size and composition; the relationship
between food quality and quantity and body size; the factors affecting
short and long-term demographic changes in established groups; and the
role of regenerating forests on primate density. I continue to collect
data on a population of 350 individually marked mantled howling monkeys
(Alouatta palliata) living in dry forests in northwestern Costa
Rica.
In
addition to Costa Rica, I have traveled to and done research in: Belize,
Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Madagascar, Panama, Peru, Trinidad,
Venezuela, Uganda, and Zanzibar.
Conservation Work
The
Duke University Primate Center houses the world's largest collection of
endangered primates, the lemurs of Madagascar. As a former Director of
the Center, I am still involved in behavioral and physiological research
concerned with their conservation biology.
I have
visited Madagascar 18 times since my first visit in 1982. My research
with lemurs has concentrated on their interactions with plants, i.e.,
how do plant chemicals affect lemur-feeding behavior. In 1987 this work
lead to the discovery that one of the bamboo lemurs consumes four times
the lethal dose of cyanide every day with its daily diet of bamboo. Follow-up
work at the Primate Center is aimed at determining how these primates
handle this deadly chemical. I am also collecting data on what North Carolina
plants our free-ranging lemurs eat from our 65 acres of Natural Habitat
Enclosures.
On
an expedition to Madagascar in 1999, I discovered a population of unknown
and undiscribed lemurs in the Tsinjoarivo region. I returned to the area
in 2002 to help Mitch Irwin begin a long-term study of their biology and
ecology. Based on their morphology, behavior, and biochemical determinations
I expect to describe a new sub-species or species of lemur in the near
future. A proposal for a new National Park to protect this geographical
limited population has been submitted to the Malagasy government.
In
1992, 1993 and 1994 I was involved with the NYZS/WCS project that translocated
black howling monkeys from the Baboon Sanctuary to Cockscomb Basin in
Belize. Howlers have been locally extinct in Cockscomb since 1978. We
moved 65 individuals. The translocated animals were monitored with radio
transmitters. This project demonstrates that monkeys can be translocated
successfully if moved in intact social groups. Translocation is going
to be a required tool in the future management of wild primate populations.
I was
also involved in a preliminary effort to manage the remaining wild population
of woolly spider monkeys (Brachyteles arachnoides) in Brazil. This
involved capturing animals for genetic studies to determine how inbred
the isolated populations were and to what degree we needed to move individuals
between these isolated populations. As a result of this work muriquis
have been split into two species.
In
July of 2000, I participated in the translocation of Alouatta palliata
from a threatened habitat to the Maquipucuna Reserve in Ecuador. Howlers
had been eliminated from this area before it was protected. The animals
that were moved have been part of a long-term study by Ecuadorian scientist
to determine whether the reserve is a viable environment for howlers and
to provide an attraction to eco-tourists.
In
July of 2001, I participated in the rescue and translocation of Alouatta
seniculus from small islands in Guri Lake to the mainland in Venezuela.
These islands were formed in 1986 when the Venezuelan government completed
construction on the world's second largest hydroelectric facility along
the Rio Caroni in the state of Bolivar. The inundation of over 4300 square
kilometers of hilly terrain resulted in the formation of Lake Guri and
the fragmentation of contiguous forest into hundreds of isolated islands
ranging in size from 0.1 to 1000 hectares that are located a maximum of
6 km from the mainland. During the initial inundation, the monkeys were
trapped on several of the newly formed islands.
Primate Vocalizations
Howler Monkey (1200k)
Indri #1 (100k)
Indri #2 (35K)
Publications
Glander, K.E. 1994. Nonhuman primate self-medication with wild plant
foods. In Eating On The Wild Side: The Pharmacologic, Ecologic, and Social
Implications Of Using Noncultigens, N.L. Etkin, ed. University of Arizona
Press: Tucson & London, pp. 227-239.
Glander, K.E. 1994. Morphometrics and growth in captive aye-ayes. Folia
primatol., 62:108-114.
Clarke, M.R., E.L. Zucker, & K.E. Glander. 1994. Group takeover by
a natal male howling monkey (Alouatta palliata) and associated
disappearances and injuries of immatures. Primates, 35:435-442.
Ungar, P.S., M.F. Teaford, K.E. Glander & R.F. Pastor. 1995. Dust
accumulation in the canopy: a potential cause of dental microwear in primates.
Amer. J. Phy. Anth., 97:93-99.
Ravosa, M.J., D.M. Meyers & K.E. Glander. 1995. Heterochrony and
the evolution of ecogeographic size variation in Malagasy sifakas. In
Evolutionary Change And Heterochrony, McNamara, K.J. (ed.). New York:
John Wiley & Sons, pp. 261-276.
Teaford, M.R. & K.E. Glander. 1997. Dental microwear and diet in
a wild population of mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata). IN Adaptive
Radiations of Neotropical Primates, Norconk, M.A., A.L. Rosenberger &
P.A. Garber (eds.). New York: Plenum Press, pp. 433-449.
Glander, K.E. & R.A. Nisbett. 1996. Community structure and species
density in tropical forest associations in Guanacaste Province, Costa
Rica. Brenesia 45-46:113-142.
Horwich, R.H., F. Koontz, E. Saqui, L. Ostro, S. Silver, & K. Glander.
2002. Translocation of black howler monkeys in Belize. Reintroduction
News, 21:10-12.
Dominy, N.J., M. F. Teaford, & K. E. Glander. In Press. Energetics
and alternative feeding strategies of Alouatta palliata (Primates:Atelidae).
Intern. J. Trop. Biol. Conserv. / Revis.
de Biol. Trop., 50-4
Dennis, J.C., P.S. Ungar, M.F. Teaford, & K.E.Glander. In Press.
Dental topography and molar wear in Alouatta palliata from Costa Rica.
AJPA.
Methodology
I have captured 2,689 individuals from 26 nonhuman primate species (Alouatta
fusca, Alouatta palliata, Alouatta pigra, Alouatta
seniculus insulanus, Alouatta seniculus seniculus, Ateles
geoffroyi, Avahi laniger, Brachyteles arachnoides, Cebus
capucinus, Cercocebus albigena, Eulemur fulvus collaris,
Eulemur fulvus rufus, Eulemur fulvus sanfordi, Eulemur
rubriventer, Hapalemur aureus, Hapalemur griseus, Indri
indri, Lemur catta, Macaca fascicularus, Pithecia
pithecia, Procolobus kirkii, Propithecus diadema diadema,
Propithecus diadema edwardsi, Propithecus tattersalli, Propithecus
verrauxi coquereli, Varecia variegata variegata) and two feline
species (Felis concolor and Panthera onca).
Papers on capture
1991 Glander, K.E., L.M. Fedigan, L. Fedigan, C. Chapman. Capture techniques
and measurements of three monkey species in Costa Rica. Folia Prim.,
57:70-82.
1992 Glander, K.E., P.C. Wright, P.S. Daniels, A.M. Merenlender. Morphometrics
and testicle size of rainforest lemur species from southeastern Madagascar.
J. Hum. Evol., 22:1-17.
1992 Glander, K.E. Dispersal patterns in Costa Rican mantled howling
monkeys. Int. J. Primatol., 13:415-436
1993 Lemos de Sá, R.M. & K.E. Glander. Capture techniques
and morphometrics for the woolly spider monkey, or muriqui (Brachyteles
arachnoides, E. Geoffroy 1806). Amer. J. Prim.
29:145-153.
1993 Horwich, R.H., F. Koontz, E. Sawui, H. Saqui, & K. Glander.
A reintroduction program for the conservation of the black howler monkey
in Belize. Endangered Species UPDATE 10, No. 6: 1-6.
1993 Glander, K.E. Capture and marking techniques for arboreal primates.
In Estudios Primatalogicos En Mexico, A. Estrada, E. Rodriguez-Luna, R.
Lopez-Wilchis & R. Coates-Estrada, eds., pp. 299-304.
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